Functioning Groups

Functioning groups are carbon compounds that contain other atoms besides just carbon and hydrogen.
They are very specific and each one is different with its own properties and reactivity.

The main Functioning Groups being focused on are
1) Halides and Nitro Compounds
2)Aldehydes and Ketones
3) Alcohols

 Halides and Nitro Compounds

How to name Halides:
Remember these prefixes.
Br-bromo
I-iodo
Cl-chloro
F-fluoro

For nitro compounds-

NO2-nitro

The same rules as naming alkanes apply.
In alphabetical order, state where its attached to the main parent. (e.g. 4) Then use the prefix.
Do this with as many as needed. Then finish with the length of the parent hydrocarbon.

E.g.

Naming: This has a parent hydrocarbon of three. Which makes it prop-. Because there are only single bonds, the ending is -ane(PROPANE) NO2 is present so we name it nitro and then place the position of the nitro in front of the word nitro.( in this case, 2)
So this is called 2-nitropropane.



Properties of halides:
1. Not soluble in water
2. I- compounds are more reactive
3. F-compounds unreactive
4. Cl and Br compounds vulnerable to chemical attack

Nitro compounds are nice to smell, not vulnerable to attack(unless very drastic conditions), water soluble and explosive!

Aldehydes and Ketones

Naming: Remember than an aldehyde always ends with -al and a ketone always ends with -one.
In an aldehyde the double bond with oxygen will always be on the last carbon in the chain.
In ketones it isn't.
It is named the same way all the others are named except with the new endings!!!!!

Alcohols
Alcohols are a functional group containing (OH) hydroxyl group.
NAMING:
First name the parent hydrocarbon group with ending-ol.
Then place the position of the OH group(the shortest possible) in front. Then do the rest how it is normally named with the alkyl groups.

First, name the parent hydrocarbon. So.. pentanol. Then check the position of the OH. In this case it is 3.

This is called 3-pentanol.

Note: OH makes alcohols soluble in water. The alcohols are all poisonous! Methanol, propanol and ethanol are highly soluble.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyMD_1gBLmg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHn0lLH9SSY&feature=related

We found these helpful.!!!! ENJOY